1. What is Torricelli's Equation?

Torricelli's equation calculates the maximum velocity of a fluid flowing from an opening under the force of gravity. It's derived from the principle of conservation of energy and applies to ideal fluids with no viscosity or friction losses.

2. How Does the Calculator Work?

The calculator uses Torricelli's equation:

Where:

• \( V_{max} \) — Maximum velocity (m/s)
• \( g \) — Gravitational acceleration (m/s²)
• \( h \) — Head or height difference (m)

Explanation: The equation shows that the exit velocity depends only on the height difference, not on the direction of flow or the mass of the fluid.

3. Importance of Maximum Velocity Calculation

Details: Calculating maximum velocity is crucial for designing fluid systems, determining flow rates, sizing pipes and valves, and understanding energy losses in hydraulic systems.

4. Using the Calculator

Tips: Enter gravitational acceleration (typically 9.81 m/s² on Earth) and the head/height difference in meters. Both values must be positive numbers.

5. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Q1: What assumptions does Torricelli's equation make?
A: It assumes an ideal fluid with no viscosity, no energy losses, and constant gravitational acceleration.

Q2: How does pipe diameter affect maximum velocity?
A: Torricelli's equation gives the theoretical maximum velocity. Actual velocity may be less due to friction, viscosity, and other real-world factors.

Q3: Can this equation be used for any fluid?
A: It works best for ideal fluids. For real fluids, additional factors like viscosity and turbulence must be considered.

Q4: What is the relationship between head and velocity?
A: Velocity is proportional to the square root of the head, meaning doubling the head increases velocity by about 41%.

Q5: How accurate is this calculation for real-world applications?
A: It provides a theoretical maximum. Actual velocities will be lower due to friction, viscosity, and other energy losses.